BioPAX pathway converted from "Translocation Of Telomerase RNP And Alignment Of RNA Template (TERC) To Extended Single Stranded Telomeric Chromosome-End" in the Reactome database. LEFT-TO-RIGHT Translocation Of Telomerase RNP And Alignment Of RNA Template (TERC) To Extended Single Stranded Telomeric Chromosome-End 人类端粒酶RNP可以催化多个肾阳nds of repeat addition on the same telomeric substrate in vitro. Before initiating synthesis of another repeat, telomerase undergoes a translocation step to reposition itself on the telomere. Base pairs in the DNA/RNA hybrid are unannealed, the RNA template is repositioned relative to the active site, and the template base-pairs at the 3' end of the newly synthesized DNA. The anchor site interaction with DNA 5' of the RNA-DNA duplex is thought to maintain the interaction of telomerase with DNA during the translocation step. Authored: Blackburn, EH, Seidel, J, 2006-03-09 19:41:08 综述:价格、C、2006-07-13十八33:38 Reviewed: Hayashi, Makoto T, 2020-04-29 Edited: Orlic-Milacic, Marija, 2020-05-04 Telomerase RNP:Telomeric Chromosome End with an Additional single Stranded Telomere repeat Reactome DB_ID: 163098 nucleoplasm GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0005654 polynucleotide G-strand Chromosome end with an additional single strand repeat - Telomeric NNNNNNNNNNNTTAGGGTTATTAGGGTTA - 3' (in human) Reactome DB_ID: 177801 多核苷酸(ChEBI: 15986) polynucleotide polynucleotides ChEBI CHEBI:15986 Reactome Database ID Release 77 177801 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=177801 Reactome R-ALL-177801 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-177801.3 Reactome //www.joaskin.com 1 NHL RTEL1 Regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1 Reactome DB_ID: 5686112 UniProt:Q9NZ71 RTEL1 RTEL1 C20orf41 KIAA1088 NHL FUNCTION ATP-dependent DNA helicase implicated in telomere-length regulation, DNA repair and the maintenance of genomic stability. Acts as an anti-recombinase to counteract toxic recombination and limit crossover during meiosis. Regulates meiotic recombination and crossover homeostasis by physically dissociating strand invasion events and thereby promotes noncrossover repair by meiotic synthesis dependent strand annealing (SDSA) as well as disassembly of D loop recombination intermediates. Also disassembles T loops and prevents telomere fragility by counteracting telomeric G4-DNA structures, which together ensure the dynamics and stability of the telomere.SUBUNIT Interacts with TERF1. Interacts (via PIP-box) with PCNA; the interaction is direct and essential for suppressing telomere fragility. Interacts with MMS19; the interaction mediates the association of RTEL1 with the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex.DOMAIN The PIP-box (PCNA interacting peptide) motif mediates the interaction with PCNA and localization to replication foci.MISCELLANEOUS Amplified in gastric tumors.SIMILARITY Belongs to the helicase family. RAD3/XPD subfamily. Homo sapiens NCBI Taxonomy 9606 UniProt 问9NZ71 1 EQUAL 1219 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 5686112 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=5686112 Reactome R-HSA-5686112 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-5686112.1 1 Telomerase RNP Reactome DB_ID: 163101 TERT Reactome DB_ID: 163076 UniProt:O14746 TERT TERT EST2 TCS1 TRT FUNCTION Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme essential for the replication of chromosome termini in most eukaryotes. Active in progenitor and cancer cells. Inactive, or very low activity, in normal somatic cells. Catalytic component of the teleromerase holoenzyme complex whose main activity is the elongation of telomeres by acting as a reverse transcriptase that adds simple sequence repeats to chromosome ends by copying a template sequence within the RNA component of the enzyme. Catalyzes the RNA-dependent extension of 3'-chromosomal termini with the 6-nucleotide telomeric repeat unit, 5'-TTAGGG-3'. The catalytic cycle involves primer binding, primer extension and release of product once the template boundary has been reached or nascent product translocation followed by further extension. More active on substrates containing 2 or 3 telomeric repeats. Telomerase activity is regulated by a number of factors including telomerase complex-associated proteins, chaperones and polypeptide modifiers. Modulates Wnt signaling. Plays important roles in aging and antiapoptosis.SUBUNIT Catalytic component of the telomerase holoenzyme complex composed of one molecule of TERT, one molecule of WRAP53/TCAB1, two molecules of H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunits DKC1, NOP10, NHP2 and GAR1, and a telomerase RNA template component (TERC) (PubMed:19179534, PubMed:20351177, PubMed:29695869). The telomerase holoenzyme complex is associated with TEP1, SMG6/EST1A and POT1 (PubMed:19179534). The molecular chaperone HSP90/P23 complex is required for correct assembly and stabilization of the active telomerase (PubMed:11274138). Interacts directly with HSP90A and PTGES3 (PubMed:11274138). Interacts with HSPA1A; the interaction occurs in the absence of TERC and dissociates once the complex has formed (PubMed:11274138). Interacts with RAN; the interaction promotes nuclear export of TERT (PubMed:12808100). Interacts with XPO1 (PubMed:12808100). Interacts with PTPN11; the interaction retains TERT in the nucleus (PubMed:18829466). Interacts with NCL (via RRM1 and C-terminal RRM4/Arg/Gly-rich domains); the interaction is important for nucleolar localization of TERT (PubMed:15371412). Interacts with SMARCA4 (via the bromodomain); the interaction regulates Wnt-mediated signaling (By similarity). Interacts with MCRS1 (isoform MCRS2); the interaction inhibits in vitro telomerase activity (PubMed:15044100). Interacts with PIF1; the interaction has no effect on the elongation activity of TERT (By similarity). Interacts with PML; the interaction recruits TERT to PML bodies and inhibits telomerase activity (PubMed:19567472). Interacts with GNL3L (By similarity). Interacts with isoform 1 and isoform 2 of NVL (PubMed:22226966). Interacts with DHX36 (PubMed:21846770). Interacts with ATF7 (PubMed:29490055).TISSUE SPECIFICITY Expressed at a high level in thymocyte subpopulations, at an intermediate level in tonsil T-lymphocytes, and at a low to undetectable level in peripheral blood T-lymphocytes.INDUCTION Activated by cytotoxic events and down-regulated during aging. In peripheral T-lymphocytes, induced By CD3 and by PMA/ionomycin. Inhibited by herbimycin B.DOMAIN The primer grip sequence in the RT domain is required for telomerase activity and for stable association with short telomeric primers.DOMAIN The RNA-interacting domain 1 (RD1)/N-terminal extension (NTE) is required for interaction with the pseudoknot-template domain of each of TERC dimers. It contains anchor sites that bind primer nucleotides upstream of the RNA-DNA hybrid and is thus an essential determinant of repeat addition processivity.DOMAIN The RNA-interacting domain 2 (RD2) is essential for both interaction with the CR4-CR5 domain of TERC and for DNA synthesis.PTM Phosphorylation at Tyr-707 under oxidative stress leads to translocation of TERT to the cytoplasm and reduces its antiapoptotic activity. Dephosphorylated by SHP2/PTPN11 leading to nuclear retention. Phosphorylation at Ser-227 by the AKT pathway promotes nuclear location. Phosphorylation at the G2/M phase at Ser-457 by DYRK2 promotes ubiquitination by the EDVP complex and degradation.PTM Ubiquitinated by the EDVP complex, a E3 ligase complex following phosphorylation at Ser-457 by DYRK2. Ubiquitinated leads to proteasomal degradation.PTM (Microbial infection) In case of infection by HIV-1, the EDVP complex is hijacked by HIV-1 via interaction between HIV-1 Vpr and DCAF1/VPRBP, leading to ubiquitination and degradation.DISEASE Activation of telomerase has been implicated in cell immortalization and cancer cell pathogenesis.DISEASE Genetic variations in TERT are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD).SIMILARITY Belongs to the reverse transcriptase family. Telomerase subfamily. UniProt O14746 1 EQUAL 1132 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 163076 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=163076 Reactome R-HSA-163076 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-163076.1 1 NOP10 H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunit 3 NOP10_HUMAN Reactome DB_ID: 6790665 UniProt:Q9NPE3 NOP10 NOP10 NOLA3 核糖体生物起源和telo所需功能mere maintenance. Part of the H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (H/ACA snoRNP) complex, which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Each rRNA can contain up to 100 pseudouridine ('psi') residues, which may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs. May also be required for correct processing or intranuclear trafficking of TERC, the RNA component of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) holoenzyme.SUBUNIT Part of the H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (H/ACA snoRNP) complex, which contains NHP2/NOLA2, GAR1/NOLA1, NOP10/NOLA3, and DKC1/NOLA4, which is presumed to be the catalytic subunit (PubMed:11074001). The complex contains a stable core formed by binding of one or two NOP10-DKC1 heterodimers to NHP2; GAR1 subsequently binds to this core via DKC1 (PubMed:11074001). The complex binds a box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), which may target the specific site of modification within the RNA substrate (PubMed:16601202). During assembly, the complex contains NAF1 instead of GAR1/NOLA1 (PubMed:11074001, PubMed:16601202). The complex also interacts with TERC, which contains a 3'-terminal domain related to the box H/ACA snoRNAs (PubMed:11074001, PubMed:16601202). Specific interactions with snoRNAs or TERC are mediated by GAR1 and NHP2 (PubMed:11074001, PubMed:16601202). Associates with NOLC1/NOPP140 (PubMed:11074001, PubMed:16601202). H/ACA snoRNPs interact with the SMN complex, consisting of SMN1 or SMN2, GEMIN2/SIP1, DDX20/GEMIN3, and GEMIN4 (PubMed:11074001, PubMed:16601202). This is mediated by interaction between GAR1 and SMN1 or SMN2 (PubMed:11074001, PubMed:16601202). The SMN complex may be required for correct assembly of the H/ACA snoRNP complex (PubMed:11074001, PubMed:16601202). Component of the telomerase holoenzyme complex composed of one molecule of TERT, one molecule of WRAP53/TCAB1, two molecules of H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunits DKC1, NOP10, NHP2 and GAR1, and a telomerase RNA template component (TERC) (PubMed:19179534, PubMed:20351177, PubMed:29695869). The telomerase holoenzyme complex is associated with TEP1, SMG6/EST1A and POT1 (PubMed:19179534).SIMILARITY Belongs to the NOP10 family. UniProt 问9NPE3 1 EQUAL 64 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 6790665 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6790665 Reactome R-HSA-6790665 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6790665.1 2 Telomerase RNA Component (TERC) Reactome DB_ID: 163077 EMBL:U86046 TERC TERC Human telomerase RNA (hTR) gene sequence EMBL U86046 Reactome Database ID Release 77 163077 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=163077 Reactome R-HSA-163077 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-163077.1 1 TCAB1 WRAP53 telomerase Cajal body protein 1 WD repeat containing, antisense to TP53 WDR79 WD repeat-containing protein 79 WDR79_HUMAN Reactome DB_ID: 418386 UniProt:Q9BUR4 WRAP53 WRAP53 TCAB1 WDR79 函数RNA女伴在te中发挥着关键的作用lomere maintenance and RNA localization to Cajal bodies (PubMed:29804836, PubMed:29695869). Specifically recognizes and binds the Cajal body box (CAB box) present in both small Cajal body RNAs (scaRNAs) and telomerase RNA template component (TERC) (PubMed:19285445, PubMed:20351177, PubMed:29804836, PubMed:29695869). Essential component of the telomerase holoenzyme complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex essential for the replication of chromosome termini that elongates telomeres in most eukaryotes (PubMed:19179534, PubMed:20351177, PubMed:26170453, PubMed:29695869). In the telomerase holoenzyme complex, required to stimulate the catalytic activity of the complex (PubMed:27525486, PubMed:29804836). Acts by specifically binding the CAB box of the TERC RNA and controlling the folding of the CR4/CR5 region of the TERC RNA, a critical step for telomerase activity (PubMed:29804836). In addition, also controls telomerase holoenzyme complex localization to Cajal body (PubMed:22547674). During S phase, required for delivery of TERC to telomeres during S phase and for telomerase activity (PubMed:29804836). In addition to its role in telomere maintenance, also required for Cajal body formation, probably by mediating localization of scaRNAs to Cajal bodies (PubMed:19285445, PubMed:21072240). Also plays a role in DNA repair: phosphorylated by ATM in response to DNA damage and relocalizes to sites of DNA double-strand breaks to promote the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (PubMed:25512560, PubMed:27715493). Acts by recruiting the ubiquitin ligase RNF8 to DNA breaks and promote both homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) (PubMed:25512560, PubMed:27715493).SUBUNIT Component of the telomerase holoenzyme complex composed of one molecule of TERT, one molecule of WRAP53/TCAB1, two molecules of H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunits DKC1, NOP10, NHP2 and GAR1, and a telomerase RNA template component (TERC) (PubMed:19179534, PubMed:20351177, PubMed:26170453, PubMed:29695869). The telomerase holoenzyme complex is associated with TEP1, SMG6/EST1A and POT1 (PubMed:19179534). Interacts with the chaperonin-containing T-complex (TRiC) complex; which mediates the folding of WRAP53/TCAB1 (PubMed:25467444). Interacts with COIL (PubMed:21072240). Interacts with SMN1 (PubMed:21072240). Interacts with RNF8 (PubMed:25512560). Interacts with histone H2AX (PubMed:26734725, PubMed:27715493).TISSUE SPECIFICITY Expressed in all tissues and cell lines examined.INDUCTION (Microbial infection) Over-expressed following infection by Epstein-Barr virus.PTM Phosphorylated at Ser-64 by ATM in response to DNA damage, promoting its interaction with histone H2AX and localization to sites of DNA double-strand breaks.MISCELLANEOUS The mRNA encoding this protein plays a critical role in the regulation of p53/TP53 expression at the post-transcriptional level; it is involved both in maintaining basal p53/TP53 mRNA levels and in p53/TP53 induction upon DNA damage.SIMILARITY Belongs to the TCAB1 family. UniProt 问9BUR4 1 EQUAL 548 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 418386 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=418386 Reactome R-HSA-418386 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-418386.1 1 NHP2 H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunit 2 NHP2_HUMAN Reactome DB_ID: 418325 UniProt:Q9NX24 NHP2 NHP2 NOLA2 HSPC286 核糖体生物起源和telo所需功能mere maintenance. Part of the H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (H/ACA snoRNP) complex, which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Each rRNA can contain up to 100 pseudouridine ('psi') residues, which may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs. May also be required for correct processing or intranuclear trafficking of TERC, the RNA component of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) holoenzyme.SUBUNIT Part of the H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (H/ACA snoRNP) complex, which contains NHP2/NOLA2, GAR1/NOLA1, NOP10/NOLA3, and DKC1/NOLA4, which is presumed to be the catalytic subunit (PubMed:11074001). The complex contains a stable core formed by binding of one or two NOP10-DKC1 heterodimers to NHP2; GAR1 subsequently binds to this core via DKC1 (PubMed:11074001). The complex binds a box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), which may target the specific site of modification within the RNA substrate (PubMed:11074001). During assembly, the complex contains NAF1 instead of GAR1/NOLA1 (PubMed:11074001). The complex also interacts with TERC, which contains a 3'-terminal domain related to the box H/ACA snoRNAs (PubMed:11074001). Specific interactions with snoRNAs or TERC are mediated by GAR1 and NHP2. Associates with NOLC1/NOPP140 (PubMed:11074001). H/ACA snoRNPs interact with the SMN complex, consisting of SMN1 or SMN2, GEMIN2/SIP1, DDX20/GEMIN3, and GEMIN4. This is mediated by interaction between GAR1 and SMN1 or SMN2 (PubMed:11074001). The SMN complex may be required for correct assembly of the H/ACA snoRNP complex (PubMed:11074001). Component of the telomerase holoenzyme complex composed of one molecule of TERT, one molecule of WRAP53/TCAB1, two molecules of H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunits DKC1, NOP10, NHP2 and GAR1, and a telomerase RNA template component (TERC) (PubMed:19179534, PubMed:20351177, PubMed:29695869). The telomerase holoenzyme complex is associated with TEP1, SMG6/EST1A and POT1 (PubMed:19179534).TISSUE SPECIFICITY Expressed in brain, colon, heart, kidney, ovary, pancreas, placenta, prostate, skeletal muscle, small intestine, spleen, testis and thymus. Also expressed at lower levels in the liver.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Transcript peaks at G1/S transition.SIMILARITY Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL8 family. UniProt 问9NX24 1 EQUAL 153 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 418325 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=418325 Reactome R-HSA-418325 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-418325.1 2 GAR1 H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunit 1 GAR1_HUMAN Reactome DB_ID: 6790707 UniProt:Q9NY12 GAR1 GAR1 NOLA1 核糖体生物起源和telo所需功能mere maintenance. Part of the H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (H/ACA snoRNP) complex, which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Each rRNA can contain up to 100 pseudouridine ('psi') residues, which may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs. May also be required for correct processing or intranuclear trafficking of TERC, the RNA component of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) holoenzyme.SUBUNIT Part of the H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (H/ACA snoRNP) complex, which contains NHP2/NOLA2, GAR1/NOLA1, NOP10/NOLA3, and DKC1/NOLA4, which is presumed to be the catalytic subunit (PubMed:11509230, PubMed:12244096). The complex contains a stable core formed by binding of one or two NOP10-DKC1 heterodimers to NHP2; GAR1 subsequently binds to this core via DKC1 (PubMed:11509230, PubMed:12244096). The complex binds a box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), which may target the specific site of modification within the RNA substrate (PubMed:11509230, PubMed:12244096). The complex also interacts with TERC, which contains a 3'-terminal domain related to the box H/ACA snoRNAs (PubMed:11509230, PubMed:12244096). Specific interactions with snoRNAs or TERC are mediated by GAR1 and NHP2 (PubMed:11509230, PubMed:12244096). Associates with NOLC1/NOPP140 (PubMed:11509230, PubMed:12244096). H/ACA snoRNPs interact with the SMN complex, consisting of SMN1 or SMN2, GEMIN2/SIP1, DDX20/GEMIN3, and GEMIN4 (PubMed:11509230, PubMed:12244096). This is mediated by interaction between GAR1 and SMN1 or SMN2 (PubMed:11509230, PubMed:12244096). The SMN complex may be required for correct assembly of the H/ACA snoRNP complex (PubMed:11509230, PubMed:12244096). Component of the telomerase holoenzyme complex composed of one molecule of TERT, one molecule of WRAP53/TCAB1, two molecules of H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunits DKC1, NOP10, NHP2 and GAR1, and a telomerase RNA template component (TERC) (PubMed:19179534, PubMed:20351177, PubMed:29695869). The telomerase holoenzyme complex is associated with TEP1, SMG6/EST1A and POT1 (PubMed:19179534).DOMAIN Interaction with SMN1 requires at least one of the RGG-box regions.SIMILARITY Belongs to the GAR1 family. UniProt 问9NY12 1 EQUAL 217 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 6790707 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6790707 Reactome R-HSA-6790707 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6790707.1 2 DKC1 Dyskerin Reactome DB_ID: 163102 UniProt:O60832 DKC1 DKC1 NOLA4 SUBUNIT Part of the H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (H/ACA snoRNP) complex, which contains NHP2/NOLA2, GAR1/NOLA1, NOP10/NOLA3, and DKC1/NOLA4, which is presumed to be the catalytic subunit (PubMed:15044956). The complex contains a stable core formed by binding of one or two NOP10-DKC1 heterodimers to NHP2; GAR1 subsequently binds to this core via DKC1 (PubMed:15044956). The complex binds a box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), which may target the specific site of modification within the RNA substrate (PubMed:15044956). During assembly, the complex contains NAF1 instead of GAR1/NOLA1 (PubMed:16601202, PubMed:16618814). The complex also interacts with TERC, which contains a 3'-terminal domain related to the box H/ACA snoRNAs. Specific interactions with snoRNAs or TERC are mediated by GAR1 and NHP2. Associates with NOLC1/NOPP140 (PubMed:15044956). H/ACA snoRNPs interact with the SMN complex, consisting of SMN1 or SMN2, GEMIN2/SIP1, DDX20/GEMIN3, and GEMIN4. This is mediated by interaction between GAR1 and SMN1 or SMN2. The SMN complex may be required for correct assembly of the H/ACA snoRNP complex (PubMed:15044956). Component of the telomerase holoenzyme complex composed of one molecule of TERT, one molecule of WRAP53/TCAB1, two molecules of H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunits DKC1, NOP10, NHP2 and GAR1, and a telomerase RNA template component (TERC) (PubMed:11074001, PubMed:19179534, PubMed:20351177, PubMed:29695869). The telomerase holoenzyme complex is associated with TEP1, SMG6/EST1A and POT1 (PubMed:19179534). Interacts with SHQ1; this interaction may lead to the stabilization of DKC1, from the time of its synthesis until its association with NOP10, NHP2, and NAF1 at the nascent H/ACA RNA (PubMed:19734544, PubMed:19383767). Interacts with HMBOX1 (PubMed:23685356). Interacts with DHX36 (PubMed:21846770).TISSUE SPECIFICITY Ubiquitously expressed.SIMILARITY Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruB family. UniProt O60832 2 EQUAL 514 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 163102 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=163102 Reactome R-HSA-163102 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-163102.1 2 Reactome Database ID Release 77 163101 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=163101 Reactome R-HSA-163101 7 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-163101.7 1 Shelterin complex Reactome DB_ID: 174898 TERF2 homodimer Reactome DB_ID: 9671119 TRF2 TERF2 Reactome DB_ID: 174895 UniProt:Q15554 TERF2 TERF2 TRBF2 TRF2 函数结合端粒的双链5 ' ttAGGG-3' repeat and plays a central role in telomere maintenance and protection against end-to-end fusion of chromosomes. In addition to its telomeric DNA-binding role, required to recruit a number of factors and enzymes required for telomere protection, including the shelterin complex, TERF2IP/RAP1 and DCLRE1B/Apollo. Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) that is involved in the regulation of telomere length and protection. Shelterin associates with arrays of double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats added by telomerase and protects chromosome ends; without its protective activity, telomeres are no longer hidden from the DNA damage surveillance and chromosome ends are inappropriately processed by DNA repair pathways. Together with DCLRE1B/Apollo, plays a key role in telomeric loop (T loop) formation by generating 3' single-stranded overhang at the leading end telomeres: T loops have been proposed to protect chromosome ends from degradation and repair. Required both to recruit DCLRE1B/Apollo to telomeres and activate the exonuclease activity of DCLRE1B/Apollo. Preferentially binds to positive supercoiled DNA. Together with DCLRE1B/Apollo, required to control the amount of DNA topoisomerase (TOP1, TOP2A and TOP2B) needed for telomere replication during fork passage and prevent aberrant telomere topology. Recruits TERF2IP/RAP1 to telomeres, thereby participating in to repressing homology-directed repair (HDR), which can affect telomere length.SUBUNIT Homodimer. Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) composed of TERF1, TERF2, TINF2, TERF2IP/RAP1, ACD and POT1. Interacts with TERF2IP. Interacts with NBN. Interacts with SLX4/BTBD12. Interacts with DCLRE1B/Apollo and TERF2IP/RAP1; the interaction is direct.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Ubiquitous. Highly expressed in spleen, thymus, prostate, uterus, testis, small intestine, colon and peripheral blood leukocytes.DOMAIN The TRFH dimerization region mediates the interaction with DCLRE1B/Apollo but not TINF2.DOMAIN The HTH domain is an independent structural unit and mediates binding to telomeric DNA.PTM Phosphorylated upon DNA damage, most probably by ATM. Phosphorylated TERF2 is not bound to telomeric DNA, and rapidly localizes to damage sites.PTM Methylated by PRMT1 at multiple arginines within the N-terminal Arg-rich region. Methylation may control association with telomeres. UniProt 问15554 1 EQUAL 500 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 174895 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=174895 Reactome R-HSA-174895 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-174895.1 2 Reactome Database ID Release 77 9671119 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9671119 Reactome r - hsa - 9671119 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-9671119.1 1 POT1 Reactome DB_ID: 174890 UniProt:Q9NUX5 POT1 POT1 FUNCTION Component of the telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex that is essential for the replication of chromosome termini. Is a component of the double-stranded telomeric DNA-binding TRF1 complex which is involved in the regulation of telomere length by cis-inhibition of telomerase. Also acts as a single-stranded telomeric DNA-binding protein and thus may act as a downstream effector of the TRF1 complex and may transduce information about telomere maintenance and/or length to the telomere terminus. Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) that is involved in the regulation of telomere length and protection. Shelterin associates with arrays of double-stranded TTAGGG repeats added by telomerase and protects chromosome ends; without its protective activity, telomeres are no longer hidden from the DNA damage surveillance and chromosome ends are inappropriately processed by DNA repair pathways. Binds to two or more telomeric single-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats (G-strand) and with high specificity to a minimal telomeric single-stranded 5'-TAGGGTTAG-3' sequence. Binds telomeric single-stranded sequences internally or at proximity of a 3'-end. Its activity is TERT dependent but it does not increase TERT activity by itself. In contrast, the ACD-POT1 heterodimer enhances telomere elongation by increasing telomerase processivity.SUBUNIT Homodimer or homooligomer (PubMed:17237768). Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) composed of TERF1, TERF2, TINF2, TERF2IP, ACD and POT1 (PubMed:15316005, PubMed:15383534). Binds single-stranded telomeric DNA as a monomer (PubMed:15558049). Associated component of the telomerase holoenzyme complex (PubMed:19179534). Found in a complex with TERF1, TINF2 and TNKS1 (PubMed:12768206). Interacts with TNKS1. Forms heterodimers with ACD (PubMed:15231715). Identified in a complex with ACD and single-stranded telomeric DNA (PubMed:17237768).TISSUE SPECIFICITY Ubiquitous.SIMILARITY Belongs to the telombin family. UniProt 问9NUX5 1 EQUAL 634 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 174890 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=174890 Reactome R-HSA-174890 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-174890.1 1 ACD PTOP TPP1 Reactome DB_ID: 174889 UniProt:Q96AP0 ACD ACD PIP1 PTOP TINT1 TPP1 FUNCTION Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) that is involved in the regulation of telomere length and protection. Shelterin associates with arrays of double-stranded TTAGGG repeats added by telomerase and protects chromosome ends. Without its protective activity, telomeres are no longer hidden from the DNA damage surveillance and chromosome ends are inappropriately processed by DNA repair pathways. Promotes binding of POT1 to single-stranded telomeric DNA. Modulates the inhibitory effects of POT1 on telomere elongation. The ACD-POT1 heterodimer enhances telomere elongation by recruiting telomerase to telomeres and increasing its processivity. May play a role in organogenesis.SUBUNIT Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) composed of TERF1, TERF2, TINF2, TERF2IP ACD and POT1. Forms heterodimers with POT1. Identified in a complex with POT1 and single-stranded telomeric DNA. Interacts with STN1 and TINF2. UniProt 问96AP0 1 EQUAL 544 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 174889 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=174889 Reactome R-HSA-174889 2 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-174889.2 1 TERF1 homodimer Reactome DB_ID: 9671130 TRF1 TERF1 Reactome DB_ID: 164618 UniProt:P54274 TERF1 TERF1 PIN2 TRBF1 TRF TRF1 函数结合端粒的双链5 ' ttAGGG-3' repeat and negatively regulates telomere length. Involved in the regulation of the mitotic spindle. Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) that is involved in the regulation of telomere length and protection. Shelterin associates with arrays of double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats added by telomerase and protects chromosome ends; without its protective activity, telomeres are no longer hidden from the DNA damage surveillance and chromosome ends are inappropriately processed by DNA repair pathways.SUBUNIT Homodimer; can contain both isoforms. Found in a complex with POT1; TINF2 and TNKS1. Interacts with ATM, TINF2, TNKS1, TNKS2, PINX1, NEK2 and MAPRE1. Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) composed of TERF1, TERF2, TINF2, TERF2IP ACD and POT1. Interacts with RLIM (via N-terminus). Interacts with FBXO4. Interaction with TINF2 protects against interaction with FBXO4 and subsequent polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Interacts with GNL3L; this interaction promotes homodimerization. Interacts with TIN2. Interacts with RTEL1. Interactions with GNL3L and TIN2 are mutually exclusive. Interacts with CCDC79/TERB1 (By similarity).TISSUE SPECIFICITY Highly expressed and ubiquitous. Isoform Pin2 predominates.INDUCTION Expression is tightly regulated during the cell cycle; levels are low in G1 and S phase and increase during G2 phase and mitosis.DOMAIN The acidic N-terminal domain binds to the ankyrin repeats of TNKS1 and TNKS2. The C-terminal domain binds microtubules.DOMAIN The TRFH dimerization region mediates the interaction with TINF2.DOMAIN The HTH domain is an independent structural unit and mediates binding to telomeric DNA.PTM Phosphorylated preferentially on Ser-219 in an ATM-dependent manner in response to ionizing DNA damage.PTM ADP-ribosylation by TNKS1 or TNKS2 diminishes its ability to bind to telomeric DNA.PTM Ubiquitinated by RLIM/RNF12, leading to its degradation by the proteasome. Ubiquitinated by a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, leading to its degradation by the proteasome. UniProt P54274 2 EQUAL 439 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 164618 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164618 Reactome R-HSA-164618 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-164618.1 2 Reactome Database ID Release 77 9671130 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9671130 Reactome R-HSA-9671130 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-9671130.1 1 RAP1 TERF2IP Reactome DB_ID: 174873 UniProt:Q9NYB0 TERF2IP TERF2IP DRIP5 RAP1 PP8000 功能行为作为端粒func的监管机构tion and as a transcription regulator. Involved in the regulation of telomere length and protection as a component of the shelterin complex (telosome). In contrast to other components of the shelterin complex, it is dispensible for telomere capping and does not participate in the protection of telomeres against non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated repair. Instead, it is required to negatively regulate telomere recombination and is essential for repressing homology-directed repair (HDR), which can affect telomere length. Does not bind DNA directly: recruited to telomeric double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats via its interaction with TERF2. Independently of its function in telomeres, also acts as a transcription regulator: recruited to extratelomeric 5'-TTAGGG-3' sites via its association with TERF2 or other factors, and regulates gene expression. When cytoplasmic, associates with the I-kappa-B-kinase (IKK) complex and acts as a regulator of the NF-kappa-B signaling by promoting IKK-mediated phosphorylation of RELA/p65, leading to activate expression of NF-kappa-B target genes.SUBUNIT Associates with the I-kappa-B-kinase (IKK) core complex, composed of CHUK, IKBKB and IKBKG (By similarity). Homodimer. Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) composed of TERF1, TERF2, TINF2, TERF2IP ACD and POT1. Interacts with TERF2; the interaction is direct. Does not interact with TERF1. Interacts with SLX4/BTBD12.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Ubiquitous. Highly expressed.MISCELLANEOUS Shares a bidirectional promoter with KARS1.SIMILARITY Belongs to the RAP1 family.CAUTION Was reported to participate in the protection of telomeres against non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated repair in the absence of TERF2 (PubMed:19763083). However, this probably does not corresponds to its primary function and experiments in mouse showed that it is dispensible for such process and is required for repression of homology-directed repair (HDR). UniProt 问9NYB0 1 EQUAL 399 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 174873 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=174873 Reactome R-HSA-174873 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-174873.1 2 TIN2 TINF2 Reactome DB_ID: 174883 UniProt:Q9BSI4 TINF2 TINF2 TIN2 FUNCTION Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) that is involved in the regulation of telomere length and protection. Shelterin associates with arrays of double-stranded TTAGGG repeats added by telomerase and protects chromosome ends; without its protective activity, telomeres are no longer hidden from the DNA damage surveillance and chromosome ends are inappropriately processed by DNA repair pathways. Plays a role in shelterin complex assembly. Isoform 1 may have additional role in tethering telomeres to the nuclear matrix.SUBUNIT Monomer. Found in a complex with POT1; TERF1 and TNKS1. Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) composed of TERF1, TERF2, TINF2, TERF2IP ACD and POT1. Interacts with TERF1, TERF2 and ACD.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Detected in heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas.DOMAIN The TBM domain mediates interaction with TERF1. UniProt 问9BSI4 1 EQUAL 451 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 174883 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=174883 Reactome R-HSA-174883 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-174883.1 1 Reactome Database ID Release 77 174898 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=174898 Reactome R-HSA-174898 2 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-174898.2 ComplexPortal CPX-152 additional information MI MI:0361 1 Reactome Database ID Release 77 163098 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=163098 Reactome R-HSA-163098 2 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-163098.2 Telomerase Holoenzyme Base-paired to the Telomeric Chromosome End with an Additional single Stranded Telomere repeat Reactome DB_ID: 164684 1 1 1 1 Reactome Database ID Release 77 164684 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164684 Reactome R-HSA-164684 2 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-164684.2 Reactome Database ID Release 77 164620 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164620 Reactome r - hsa - 164620 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-164620.3 15189140 Pubmed 2004 Regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins Smogorzewska, A de Lange, T Annu Rev Biochem 73:177-208 GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0007004 gene ontology term for cellular process MI MI:0359